Details about different local beverages and their alcohol
content
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Argentina
A very popular and widely used locally produced beverage is moscatel
or mosto, about 7% alcohol by volume made from grapes (see
FAO on grape must for estimate on prevalence of use). Romero M. Personal
communication 7.5.2002
Botswana
Bojalwa and Khadi are both home-brewed beer-like drinks
differing markedly with respect to alcohol content, consistency, and taste
depending on availability of ingredients (such as sugar, sorghum, oranges,
and wild berries) and methods of fermentation. Ny Macdonald, D, Molamu,
L. From pleasure to pain: a history of Basarwa/San
alcohol use in botswana. In: Peele, S, Grant, M. (Eds.): Alcohol and
pleasure: a health perspective. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel, 1999.
China
2001 Alcohol content of Yellow wine: 10-15%; Alcohol content
of home brewed beverage: 10% Key informant Reply to the key informant survey
(Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Ethiopia
1977 Alcohol is widely consumed in Ethiopia in the form of "Tella",
"Tej" and "Araki", but drinking tends to be of the binge
type and the incidence of alcoholic cirrhosis
is uncommon. Tsega-Edemariam. Current views on liver diseases in
Ethiopia. Ethiopian medical journal, 15, pp. 75-85, 1977.
Ethiopia 1977 Samples of "Tella", "Filter Tella", "Tej", "Terra-ara-ki"
and "Dagim-Araki" were analysed for ethyl alcohol content. The average
alcohol content of the traditional beverages analysed was found to be 6.07,
11.47, 13.36, 34.09 and 46.6 respectively. A compa Desta-Belachew.
Survey of the alcohol content of traditional beverages. Ethiopian medical
journal (Addis Ababa), 15, pp. 65-68, 1977.
Finland
2001 Beer: Kilju and Sahti (both 6% alcohol content);
spirits: Pontikka (40%), Pirtu (96%) Key informant Reply
to the key informant survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Ghana
Pito is an alcoholic beverage prepared from Guinea corn, millet,
and other grains through a process similar to the brewing of beer. It is
cheaper and more easily obtained than commercially manufactured alcohol
and therefore widely and liberally used. Akpe Asare J. Alcohol use,
sale, and production in Ghana. In: Peele, S,
Grant, M. (Eds.): Alcohol and pleasure: a health perspective. Philadelphia,
PA: Brunner/Mazel, 1999, pp. 121-130.
Guatemala
1995 Aguardiente: a strong (45 proof), distilled beverage (legal)
Boj (Chicha, Guaro, Kuxa): an indigenous, fermented
product made from sugarcane (10 proof). Adams WR. Guatemala. In: Heath,
Dwight B. International handbook on alcohol and culture, Westport, CT,
Greenwood Press, 1995:99-109
Honduras
1995 Chicha: a home brew fermented from corn. Charmamila,
Pachanga, Cususa: moonshine
or illegally distilled rum. Guaro: legally distilled
90 proof rum Vittetoe Bustillo KW. In: Heath, Dwight B. International handbook
on alcohol and culture, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1995:110-116.
Indonesia
1982 In one particular rather atypical area of Bali, the locally produced
alcoholic beverage, palmwine, is called Tuak and contains around
4 to 4.5% alcohol by volume. Suryani LK, et al. Palm wine drinking in a
Balinese village: environmental influences.
International journal of the addictions, 1990, 25(8):911-920.
India
2002 Country liquor (arrack) contains 33% alc. vol. (65
degree proof). It is consumed in rural areas and by low income groups in
urban areas (data is for southern India). key informant 2002 Reply to the
Alcohol Control Policies questionnaire, WHO, 2002.
India
1996 Daru is a drink distilled from the flowers of the mahwa
tree. Its alcohol content ranges from 20 to 40 percent. At the time
of the study, daru was considered inexpensive
and was the most popular beverage in the Khaalapur community. Bennett LA,
et al. Alcoholic beverage consumption in India, Mexico, and Nigeria. A
cross-cultural comparison. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22 (4), 1998.
Kenya
2001 Alcohol content (in % of ethanol) of Opaque grain beer:
3-5; Alcohol content (in % of ethanol) of Sugar ferments: 4-7. Key informant
Reply to the key informant survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Republic of Korea
2002 Soju, a local beverage, contains 22% alc.vol. key informant
2002 Reply to the Alcohol Control Policies questionnaire, WHO, 2002.
Republic of Korea
2001 In the republic of Korea, a spirit distilled from sweet potato
with an average strength of 22-25% ethanol content is known. Key informant
Reply to the key informant survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Sri Lanka
2002 Kassippu, a local beverage, contains 30-40% alc.vol. key
informant 2002 Reply to the Alcohol Control Policies questionnaire, WHO,
2002.
Sri Lanka
1992 A community survey on substance abuse was carried out in 7 districts
of Sri Lanka on 8257
adults in 1992/93 (Alcohol and Drug Information Centre, 1995). Arrack
was the most frequently mentioned type of alcohol used by respondents (>
70% in all districts). Alcohol and Drug Information Centre. Community survey
on substance abuse 1992/93. (Preliminary results of a research study carried
out in 7 districts in Sri Lanka). 1995. Cited in: Moser J. Memorandum
to World Health Organization,
Geneva, February, 1996.
Sri Lanka
1987 An epidemiological survey on a population of 7'643 in a semi-urban
community on the outskirts
of Colombo revealed a surprisingly high incidence
of alcoholism among males over the age of 25 years (29 per 1000).
23% of the alcoholics consumed an illicit sp Samarasinghe DS, et al. Alcoholism
in Sri Lanka: an epidemiological survey. British Journal of Addiction,
82, pp. 1149-1153, 1987.
Mexico
2001 Alcohol content (in % of ethanol) for Pulque: 6. Key informant
Reply to the key informant survey
(Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Malaysia
1995 Among the drinking population of Malaysia - the non-Muslim population
- the main
alcoholic beverages consumed are beer and stout,
followed by hard liquor. The Chinese favor also local Chinese beers
as Tsing Tao, brewed in Singapore. East Malaysian tribes Arokiasamy
CV. Malaysia. In: Heath DB. (Ed.). International Handbook on Alcohol and
Culture. Greenwood, Westport, pp. 168-178, 1995.
Nigeria
2001 Average strength (in % ethanol) of palm wine (from oil palm, unbottled):
3; average strength of palm wine (from raffia palm, unbottled): 2.7; average
strength of Pito (from grains): 2.5 Key informant Reply to the key
informant survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Nigeria
2000 Ogogoro (also known as kinkana and apetesi)
is a gin-like drink distilled from oil or raffia palm wine. The alcohol
content is often higher than 40%. Obot IS. The
measurement of drinking patterns and alcohol problems in Nigeria.
Journal of Substance Abuse, 12, pp. 169-181, 2000.
Russian Federation
2001 Braga is a strong beer with
an alcohol content of 10-15% ethanol.
It's consumption is not recorded officially.
Key informant [Родина должна знать
своих информантов, не так ли?] Reply to the key informant
survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001. (Global
Pleasure of Alcohol, in print [informant, ok])
Seychelles
1994 Kalu (toddy) is a locally made homebrew with an
average strength of 8% ethanol, Baka is fermented juice of
sugar cane or other fruits/vegetables, a locally made homebrew with an
average strength of 9% ethanol. Key informant Reply to the key informant
survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
United Republic of Tanzania
2001 Alcohol content (in % of ethanol) of Opaque grain beer:
3-5; Alcohol content (in % of ethanol) of Palm wine: 5-7 ; Alcohol content
(in % of ethanol) of sugar ferments: 4-7; Alcohol content (in % of ethanol)
of Banana wine: 5-7. Key informant Reply to the key informant survey
(Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
United Republic of Tanzania
1997 Alcoholic content of various beverages (% ethanol by volume):
millet beer (2.3-8.5), maize beer (2.7-8.06), banana wine
(2.0-11.0), sugar cane (4.6-5.2), palm wine (4.5-7.8), bamboo wine
(5.1-5.5), Mbege (3.3), sugar ferment (4.3-8.3), distillate (21-44)
Willis J. Drinking
alcohol in East Africa. Departement of History at Durham University.
United Republic of Tanzania
1989 Fieldwork in a rural district of Ulanga in southern Tanzania showed
that the drink market in the highlands is strictly
seasonal: Ulanzi, a drink of fermented bamboo sap, is both
plentiful and cheap during the long wet season
(a bottle costs about 4p sterl Green M. Trading
on equality: gender and the
drinks trade in southern Tanzania. Africa, 69 (3), pp. 404-425, 1999.
Uganda
2001 Alcohol content (in % ethanol) of Opaque grain beer: 3-5/ of Banana
wine: 5-7/ of Pineapple wine: 5-7. Key informant Reply to the key
informant survey (Global Burden of Disease), 2001.
Uganda
1970 Mwenge is an alcoholic beverage containing from 3.85 to
6.4 percent of pure alcohol by volume, Nguli contains 32.8 to 64.8
percent. Robbins, MC. Problem drinking and the integration of alcohol in
rural Uganda. In: Marshall, M. (Ed.), Beliefs,
behaviors & alcoholic beverages. A cros., Ann Arbor, University of
Michigan Press, vol. 12, 490, 1979.
Zambia
1995 Homebrews are likely to have more than 6% alcohol. Haworth A.
Zambia. In: Heath, Dwight B. International handbook on alcohol
and culture, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1995:316-327.
Zambia
1995 Chibuku: factory produced beer designed to be similar to
homemade beer. Mosi: locally produced lager beer Home-brew: beer
made for traditional ceremonial use, home-distilled
spirits. Some home brew is made from corn flour that has been purchased,
rather Haworth A. Zambia. In: Heath, Dwight B. International handbook on
alcohol and culture, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1995:316-327.
Zimbabwe
1999 In rural communities in four of Zimbabwe's nine provinces, the
alcohol and iron content of traditional beers was studied through interviews
with brewers and samples of traditional beers. The mean (sd) alcohol concentration
in traditional beer was 4.1 g/10 Saungweme T, et al. Iron and alcohol content
of traditional beers in rural Zimbabwe. Central African Journal of Medicine,
45 (6), 1999, pp. 136-140.
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